SUMMARY 3

ENGLAND

What do the English like doing?

Fishing in rivers is a common activity, especially for men. Teenagers enjoy clubbing but now they prefer foreign holidays because it is often cheaper to go abroad. And, of course, shopping is always a popular activity.

What is there to eat in England?

Most English people eat breakfst, lunch and dinner. There ar elevenses, tea and supper. Fish and chips, Roast diner is the traditional English Snday lunch of roast meat, together with roast potatoes and lots of vegetables. On Christmas Day, most families eat roast turkey.
Silton chese people call it "King of Cheeses". English cakes and biscuits are very popular with English. A cream tea is usually eaten in the afternoon. A full English breakfast is a good way to start the day if you're not a diet! Breakfast includes sausages, grilled tomatoes, mushrooms, fried eggs, fried bread and a cup of strong tea.
Curry is not originally English but the English love curries.

Sport

The main sporting events are: the FA Cup (football), the Oxford- Cambridge boat race (rowing), the Grand National and the Derby (horse-racing), Wimbledon (tennis), the Open Golf, the Six NATIONS (rugby) and international Test Matches (cricket).
Teams at the top of the English Premier football league are very rich and have some of the best players in the world. Manchester United, Chelea, Arsenal and Liverpool. Cricket is played by many English-speaking nations. The newspapers said that English cricket was dead and was cremated. Cricket matches can last for five days, four days or one day.

Celebrations

Christmas and Esaster ar the most important festivals for the English but there are many others. People look forward to Firework's Night on 5th November. There are fires, fireworks and lots of hot food. The local people burn huge figures of unpopular politicians and celebrities. 1st April or April Fool's Day. On this day, people are allowed to play jokes on other people. Even the newspapers and the television take part.

Music

English pop and rock music is popular all over the world. From the Rolling Stones and the Beatles, Coldplay and Radiohead in 2000s.

Iconic Places

There are many of these, so we will choose only a few. The most famous Normans's castles is the Tower of London. The White Tower, sheich you can see from the river Thames, was the original main building. Tourists can see the crown with over 3,000 diamonds and pearls in it. Legend says that if they leave the Tower, something terrible will happen to England. England also has many famous cathedrals. Canterbury Cathedral, York Minister, Salisbury and Lincoln Cathedrals are some of the most beautiful. Westminster Abbey and St Paul's. Liverpool, is a port city which is also world-famous.
The Lake District is one of the most attractive landscapes in the United Kingdom and includes 12 of the largest lakes in England. England is not famous for its beaches. But if you go to Newquay you can enjoy surfing on the Atlantic coast. The white cliffs of Dover.

Iconic People

England had many famous people, Queen Elizabeth I, Shakespeare, Isaak Newton, Dickens... Princess Diana was the wife of Prince Charles but became unhappy in her marriage. She died in a car crash in Paris in 1997. John Lennon wrote most of the songs of the Beatles with Paul McCartney. He married Yoko Ono, protested against war. margaret Thatcher was the first woman to become Prime Minister of the UK. She was called the Iron Lady because of her strong ideas on Government. She also had strong enemies.
David Beckham: he is probably the most famous English footballer of the 1990s and 2000s. He married on of the Spice Girls, is often in celebrithy pages of magazines and newspaper.

SUMMARY 3

The execution of a King

On 4th November 1605, a man called Guy Fawkes hid under the Houses of Parliament with at least 20 barrels of gunpowder. He and four other men planned to blow up King James I. He wasn’t agree with the King’s law, he thought it was unfair. When he was ready to start the gunpowder plot, he was arrested. The King was safe! His son wanted a Catholic Engand but the Parliament no. Afterwards the Civil War began in 1542. It divedes the country between the Royalists and the Parliaments. There were many battles and many people were killed. Finally the Parliaments won and Charles I was beheaded.

Christmas is cancelled.

After all Cromwell, the protestant leader, became “Lord Protector”. England hadn’t got queen or King. Cromwell took and army to Ireland, where they killed many Irish people. He also gave land in Ireland to his protestant soldiers who came t olive in Ireland. In the 20th century Cromwell started his intentions. And with that, all the problems between and Catholics in Ireland started. In England, the Protestants banned theatre and were very strict about the religión and how people behaved. Christmas also banned by limiting Christmas celebrations.

Plague, Fire and Revolution

Cromwell died in 1658 and in 1660 Charles Ii, became King. He was popular during his reign but there were two terrible evets. The first one was the “Great Plague” (1664), which killed about 20 % of the population of London and the second one was the “Great Fire of London” (1666), which destroyed many buildings in the capital. Parts of London had to be rebuilt like St Paul’s Cathedral was among the new churches designed by the famous architect Christopher Wren.

England+Wales+Scotland+Ireland

Anne was another daughter of mames II and she became Queen in 1702. In her reign two political parties developed in Parliament, the Whigs and the Tories. This was the start of the modern British political system. Two important acts were passed by Parliament. The Act of Settlement and The Act of Union , said that England ans Scotland were one country.

When Anne died without any children, Britain had to look for Protestant King. This was King George I, who was German and spoke very Little English. I t was the start of the Georgian Age in Britain. During the rign of George II, Britain lost it colonies in America as a result of American War of Idependence. But the British colonised Australia and British power grew in India during this period.

In 1727, Robert Walpole became the first British prime minister. In 1735, George II gave Walpole a house in London while he was governing country. In 1801, the government introduced the Act of Union with Ireland. As a result, Britain needed a flag to joing the English, Scottish and Irish flags. After Napoleon took power in France at the begginging of the 17th century, Britain and France were at the war. Two men became national hereoes: Admiral Nelson defeated the French at the battle of Trafalgar, and the Duke of Wellington defeated Napoleon’s armies at the battle of Waterlo.

The Industrial Revolution

Towards the end of eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution began in Britain. The invetion of new machines changed the way that people lived. A lot of things got better like the higiene. The movements of the industry started and it was a very refreshing kind of beggining for England. Living conditions for the workers in the industry were very crowded and unhealthy. The factories were not very safe and children had to work so no schools were created for them.

The Victorian Age

In 1834, an eighteen year old woman called Victoria became queen of Britain. Later, she became Empress of India. She fell in love with Albert, a German prince, and after his death she kept his memory alive. Her face was on the first postage stamps and her statue was places in all parts of the British Empire. During her reign many British people became world-famous: Alexander Graham Bell, Charles Darwin, Lewis Carol...

There were many changes in the society:

-using children as workers became illegal

-education became free for everyone

-industrial cities were made safer and healthier

-the railway covered the whole country

-Science advances

-British Empire grew to include parts of Africa and Asia.

-Britain dominated the seas and became a strong navy

Queen Victoria government had many problems. There was the 'Great Potato Famine' in Ireland. A disease killed the potato plants about 1 million Irish people died because they had no food. Other people went to America.

From 1854 to 1856 there was a war with Russia when more than 20.000 soldiers died. Then Indian soldiers attacked their British officers in the Indian mutiny. Then the British took the control.

Britain changed greatly during the Victorian Age. At the end of the period, there were electric lights, telephones, the London underground and many things became modern.

The twentieth Century

During the twentieth century , Britain went through more changes. The population grew from about forty million to six million. The country was involved in two world wars (1914-1918 and 1939-1945) and in other wars too. Technological and scientific progress had a huge effect on life in the UK and Ireland. The relationship between Great Britain and Ireland changed. After the Irish War of the Independence the south of Ireland became independent from Britain. The Northern Ireland stayed in the UK; so the island was divided.

After the second world war, some countries of Asia and Africa from the British empire became independent.

In 1960,there was a great social change. Teenagers had more freedom, the role of women began to change and the rules of society were relaxed. This was the time of the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. This years are also know as ' the swinging sixties'.

The British Isles saw many other important changes in the second half of this century. Margaret Thatcher was the first British female prime minister, North Sea oil was discovered, the Channel Tunnel (joins Britain to the rest of Europe), a multi-racial society developed and Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales became more independent.

Into the Twenty-first Century

Britain continues to change. The Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly make those nations more independent. People face the problem of global warming. From 2008 there have been economic problems in all the nations of British Isles because of the world recession. A new UK government with two parties that share power. The Olympics of 2012 were celebrated in LDN.

SUMMARY 2

ANCIENT MYSTERIES

Stonghenge and stone Ring Avebury are a misterious group of standing stones. they were put in that position 5000 years ago.

THE CELTS

the Celts lived in Britain in the Iron Age from around 600 BCE. They came from Central Europe and we know about the Celts from the objects whch archaeologists have found from some Greek and roman writers, who tell us that the Celts loved gold and fighting. Their priest were called druids and had a great power in Celitc society. We also know about them from the "bog  bodies". Bogs are areas of wet land; if a body is buried in a bog, iti is kept in good condition, perhaps for centuries.

A WARRIOR QUEEN
In 55 BCE, Julius Caesar invaded Britain. The Celts were great warriors but the Romans had better organisation and defeated them. Roman army crossed the River Thames but Cesar left after the Britons agreed to give money to the Romans.
In CE 43, the Roman Emperior Claudius sent another army of about 50,000 men to Britain. This time the Romans stayed and Britain became part of the Roman Empire.

The Roman Occupation

Londinium now became the new Roman capital. The Romans also created mano other towns. The romans improved the services in the country, and built straight roads such as Watling Street, which runs from Dover in south-east of England to Wales. But they did not control Scotland. In CE 122, the Emperor Hadrian visited Britain and decided to build a wall across the north of England to defend Roman Britain against the Picts in Scotland (a group of Celtic groups who lived in Scotland).

The Kink Buried in a ship

In CE 410, the Romans left Britain. They went to defend Rome against the barbarians. Soon invaders arrived from north-west Europe. These were the Anglo-Saxons and the Jutes. In the 7the century a king was buried at Sutton Hoo. Then arrived a group of people called Vickings who were from Denmark and Norway. That was in CE 800.

The Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings

The Anglo-Saxons had a big influence on England; in fact the name England comes from Angle-Land. They divided the country into five kingdoms (Northumbia, Mercia, Wessex, Kent and Anglia). Most of the basic English words also come from them (ex mother, woman, day, night, bed...) and also some of the days of the week.
In CE 597, a monk called Augustine came to England. He was sent by Pope and he slowly told people about the Christian religion.
From CE 800, vikings from Denmark and Norway began to attack Britain. The most famous Anglo Saxon king was Alfred the Great. He fought against the Vikings and he won. Then he allowed them to live in the area York.


The normans

In 1066 a duke from Normandy, on the north coast of France. The Normans built a lot of castles and cathedras.

The middle ages

In these ages the king and the church had great powers. There were a lots of wars between the rich people and the kings. In 1348, the Black Death came and about 5-6 million people was killed. In these years there were a lot of important wars like "the hundred years war".

The Tudor Period

Henry Tudor became the king Henry VII. His son had six wifes. He had two daughters. Elisabeth's reign ages was called "golden age". In this period there were a lot of important and well-knowned writters.